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Geotechnical Properties Of Soil And Of Reinforced Soil | |
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Introduction | |
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Grain-Size Distribution | |
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Size Limits for Soils | |
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Weight-Volume Relationships | |
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Relative Density | |
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Atterberg Limits | |
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Soil Classification Systems | |
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Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil | |
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Steady-State Seepage | |
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Filter Design Criteria | |
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Effective Stress Concept | |
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Capillary Rise in Soil | |
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Consolidation-General | |
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Consolidation Settlement Calculation | |
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Time Rate of Consolidation | |
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Shear Strength | |
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Unconfined Compression Test | |
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Comments on Shear Strength Parameters | |
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Sensitivity | |
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Soil Reinforcement-General | |
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Considerations for Soil Reinforcement | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Natural Soil Deposits And Subsoil Exploration | |
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Introduction | |
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Soil Origin | |
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Residual Soil | |
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Alluvial Deposits | |
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Glacial Deposits | |
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Aeolian Soil Deposits | |
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Organic Soil | |
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Some Local Terms for Soils | |
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Purpose of Soil Exploration | |
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Subsurface Exploration Program | |
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Exploratory Borings in the Field | |
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Procedures for Sampling Soil | |
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Observation of Water Tables | |
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Vane Shear Test | |
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Cone Penetration Test | |
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Pressuremeter Test (PMT) | |
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Dilatometer Test | |
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Coring of Rocks | |
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Preparation of Boring Logs | |
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Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity in the Field | |
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Geophysical Exploration | |
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Subsoil Exploration Report | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Shallow Foundations - Ultimate Bearing Capacity | |
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Introduction | |
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General Concept | |
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Terzaghi''s Bearing Capacity Theory | |
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Modification of Bearing Capacity Equations for Water Table | |
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Case History: Ultimate Bearing Capacity in Saturated Clay | |
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Factor of Safety | |
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The General Bearing Capacity Equation | |
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Effect of Soil Compressibility | |
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Eccentrically Located Foundations | |
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Bearing Capacity of Layered Soils-Stronger Soil Underlain by Weaker Soil | |
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Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Top of a Slope | |
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Seismic Bearing Capacity and Settlement in Granular Soil | |
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Foundation on Sand with Geotextile Reinforcement | |
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Foundations on Saturated Clay (Phi = 0) with Geogrid Reinforcement | |
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General Remarks | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Shallow Foundations - Allowable Bearing Capacity And Settlement | |
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Introduction | |
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Stress Due to a Concentrated Load | |
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Stress Due to a Circularly Loaded Area | |
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Stress Below a Rectangular Area | |
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Average Vertical Stress Increase Due to a Rectangularly Loaded Area | |
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Stress Increase under an Embankment | |
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Stress Increase Due to Any Type of Loading | |
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Elastic Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity | |
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Elastic Settlement of Foundations on Saturated Clay | |
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Settlement of Sandy Soil: Use of Strain Influence Factor | |
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Range of Material Parameters for Computing Elastic Settlement | |
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Consolidation Settlement | |
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Skempton-Bjerrum Modification for Consolidation Settlement | |
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Consolidation Settlement-General Comments and a Case History | |
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Allowable Bearing Pressure in Sand Based on Settlement Consideration | |
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Field Load Test | |
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Presumptive Bearing Capacity | |
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Tolerable Settlement of Buildings | |
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Shallow Foundation on Soil with Reinforcement | |
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Strip Foundation on Granular Soil Reinforced by Metallic Strips | |
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Factor of Safety of Ties Against Breaking and Pullout | |
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Design Procedure for Strip Foundation on Reinforced Earth | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Mat Foundations | |
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Introduction | |
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Common Types of Mat Foundations | |
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Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations | |
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Differential Settlements of Mats | |
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Field Settlement Observations for Mat Foundations | |
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Compensated Foundations | |
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Structural Design of Mat Foundations | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Lateral Earth Pressure | |
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Introduction | |
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Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest | |
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Rankine Active Earth Pressure | |
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Rankine Active Earth Pressure for Inclined Backfill | |
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Coulomb''s Active Earth Pressure | |
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Active Earth Pressure for Earthquake Conditions | |
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Lateral Earth Pressure Due to Surcharge | |
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Active Pressure for Wall Rotation About Top-Braced Cut | |
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Active Earth Pressure for Translation of Retaining Wall-Granular Backfill | |
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Rankine Passive Earth Pressure | |
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Rankine Passive Earth Pressure-Inclined Backfill | |
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Coulomb''s Passive Earth Pressure | |
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Comments on the Failure Surface Assumption for Coulomb''s Pressure Calculations | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Retaining Walls | |
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Introduction | |
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Proportioning Retaining Walls | |
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Application of Lateral Earth Pressure Theories to Design | |
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Stability Checks | |
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Other Types of Possible Retaining-Wall Failure | |
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Comments Relating to Stability | |
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Draining from the Backfill of the Retaining Wall | |
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Provision of Joints in Retaining-Wall Construction | |
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Gravity Retaining-Wall Design for Earthquake Conditions | |
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General Design Considerations | |
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Retaining Walls with Metallic Strip Reinforcement | |
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Step-by-Step Procedure (Metallic Strip Reinforcement) | |
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Retaining Walls with Geotextile Reinforcement | |
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Retaining Walls with Geogrid Reinforcement | |
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General Comments | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Sheet Pile Structures | |
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Introduction | |
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Construction Methods | |
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Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls-General | |
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Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Sandy Soils | |
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Special Cases for Cantilever Walls (Penetrating a Sandy Soil) | |
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Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrative Clay | |
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Special Cases for Cantilever Walls (Penetrating Clay) | |
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Anchored Sheet Pile Wall-General | |
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Free Earth Support Method for Penetration of Sandy Soil | |
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Design Charts for Free Earth Support Method (Penetration into Sandy Soil) | |
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Moment Reduction for Anchored Sheet Pile Walls | |
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Free Earth Support Method for Penetration of Clay | |
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Computational Pressure Diagram Method (for Penetration of Sandy Soil) | |
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Fixed Earth Support Method for Penetration into Sandy Soil | |
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Field Observations for Anchored Sheet Pile Walls | |
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Anchors-General | |
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Holding Capacity of Anchor Plates and Beams in Sand | |
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Ultimate Resistance of Anchor Plates and Beams in Clay (Phi = 0 Condition) | |
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Ultimate Resistance of Tie Backs | |
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Brace Cuts-General | |
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Pressure Envelope for Braced-Cut Design | |
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Design of Various Components of a Braced Cut | |
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Bottom Heaving of a Cut in Clay | |
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Stability of the Bottom of a Cut in Sand | |
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Lateral Yielding of Sheet Piles and Ground Settlement | |
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Case Studies of Braced Cuts | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Pile Foundations | |
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Introduction | |
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Types of Piles and Their Structural Characteristics | |
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Estimating Pile Length | |
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Installation of Piles | |
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Load Transfer Mechanism | |
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Equations for Estimating Pile Capacity | |
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Meyerhof''s Method-Estimation of Q[sub p] | |
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Vesic''s Method-Estimation of Q[sub p] | |
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Janbu''s Method-Estimation of Q[sub p] | |
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Coyle and Castello''s Method-Estimation of Q[sub p] in Sand | |
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Frictional Resistance (Q[sub p]) in Sand | |
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Frictional (Skin) Resistance in Clay | |
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General Comments and Allowable Pile Capacity | |
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Point Bearing Capacity of Piles Resting on Rock | |
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Pile Load Tests | |
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Comparison of Theory with Field Load Test Results | |
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Settlement of Piles | |
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Pullout Resistance of Piles | |
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Pullout Resistance of Piles | |
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Laterally Loaded Piles | |
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Pile-Driving Formulas | |
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Negative Skin Friction | |
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Group Efficiency | |
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Ultimate Capacity of Group Piles in Saturated Clay | |
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Piles in Rock | |
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Consolidation Settlement of Group Piles | |
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Elastic Settlement of Group Piles | |
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Uplift Capacity Group Piles | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Drilled-Shaft And Caisson Foundations | |
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Introduction | |
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Types of Drilled Shafts | |
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Construction Procedures | |
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Other Design Considerations | |
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Load Transfer Mechanism | |
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Estimation of Load-Bearing Capacity-General | |
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Drilled Shafts in Sand-Load-Bearing Capacity | |
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Drilled Shafts in Clay-Load-Bearing Capacity | |
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Settlement of Drilled Shafts at Working Load | |
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Uplift Capacity of Drilled Shafts | |
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Lateral Load-Carrying Capacity | |
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Drilled Shafts Extending into Rock | |
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Types of Caissons | |
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Thickness of Concrete Seal in Open Caissons | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Foundations On Difficult Soils | |
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Introduction | |
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Definition and Types of Collapsible Soil | |
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Physical Parameters for Identification | |
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Procedure for Calculating Collapse Settlement | |
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Foundation Design in Soils Not Susceptible to Wetting | |
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Foundation Design in Soils Susceptible to Wetting | |
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Case Histories of Stabilization of Collapsible Soil | |
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Expansive Soils-General | |
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Laboratory Measurement of Swell | |
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Classification of Expansive Soil Based on Index Tests | |
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Foundation Considerations for Expansive Soils | |
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Construction on Expansive Soils | |
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Sanitary Landfills-General | |
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Settlement of Sanitary Landfills | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Soil Improvement And Ground Modification | |
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Introduction | |
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Compaction-General Principles | |
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One-Point Method for Obtaining Gamma[sub d(max)] | |
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Correction for Compaction of Soils with Oversized Particles | |
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Field Compaction | |
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Compaction Control for Clay Hydraulic Barriers | |
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Vibroflotation | |
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Precompression-General Considerations | |
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Sand Drains | |
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An Example of a Sand Drain Application | |
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Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVDs) | |
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Lime Stabilization | |
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Cement Stabilization | |
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Fly Ash Stabilization | |
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Stone Columns | |
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Sand Compaction Piles | |
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Dynamic Compaction | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Appendices | |
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Conversion Factors | |